Vatican II Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vatican II - Research Paper Example n.p.). The council was formed with the purpose of undertaking the review of the position of the church and its spiritual renewal in the contemporary world. It was on Oct. 11, 1962 that the most impressive improvement of the Vatican II was convened, by extending the invitation to the Orthodox Eastern and Protestant churches for sending their observers. The representatives from many churches attended these meetings. Then, the variety of cultural and national origins was another characteristic that was depicted to people who had attended the meeting from around the world (Bokenkotter, Thomas, 2005). It is not clear from the mission of Vatican II that unlike the former councils, this council was distinctive doe the reason that no new dogmas were issues, anathemas declared, nor was there any settlement for the serious profanation that prevailed during this time. The council, rather, became known ideally for its purpose of renewing the Catholic doctrine in the modern perspective and timeline. the council resulted in various institutional changes, which concluded the idea of the Catholic Church that the ultimate salvation for the humanity is brought by it alone, the revised charisma and renewing of the consecrated life, along with the ecumenical struggle towards various other religions through dialogue, and the communicative contribution of laity in many other activities of the religion (Alberigo, Giuseppe; Sherry, Matthew, 69). Besides this, the widespread use of vernacular language instead of the Latin language in Holy Mass was the most conspicuous change brought by the council, the revision of Eucharistic prayers, the disarticulation of the tabernacle of Church from central aisle, along with many other alteration including the abbreviation of the liturgical calendar, replacement of Ad Orientem by Versus Populum, and many other advanced artistic changes that enclosed the modern

Artificial Intelligence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Artificial Intelligence - Research Paper Example The basic aim of this paper is to discuss the use of artificial intelligence in medical devices such as Vinci Surgery Robot. This paper will analyze the da-Vinci Surgery system for the modern AI based medical surgery arrangement. Artificial Intelligence or simply AI is generally defined as the engineering of developing machines carry out various tasks that need intelligence when done by humans (Copeland, 2000). In other words, the artificial intelligence is the analysis of artificial computational machines and systems which can be prepared to take action in a way which we would tend to identify as intelligent. In the beginning, artificial intelligence buzzword was launched as an idea to imitate human brain and look into the real-world complex issues with holistic human capabilities. However, the scholars and scientists from all through the globe are very energized concerning developments in modernization that have emerged from an inborn aspiration to make modern and innovative tools and technologies that help mankind to hang over their own physical ability. The history of AI can be traced back to the early 1950s. However, the artificial intelligence has got a little accomplishment in limited, or basic, fields. Thus, the sixty years from the beginning of artificial intelligence have offered merely very slow development or growth, and untimely brightness regarding the accomplishment of human intelligence has given way to an admiration of the thoughtful solution of the difficulty. Possibly, the publication of a paper entitled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" was the initial major happening in the history of AI, which was written by the British Mathematician Alan Turing. According to Alan Turing, if a machine is able to pass a definite test (that is now acknowledged as the 'Turing test') then that machine can be acknowledged as intelligent. Additionally, this way of testing a machine engages a person (identified as the reviewer) who is responsible for asking questions using a computer terminal with two other entities, in which one is a human and the other is a computer. However, if the reviewer frequently failed to properly differentiate the machine or computer from the human, then it can be said that the machine has passed the test. Thus, the artificial intelligence is a branch of science which involves developing intelligent machines, particularly intelligent computer applications. Additionally, it is linked to the identical job of utilizing computers to recognize human intelligence; however it is not necessary for the artificial intelligence to bind itself to techniques or rules that are physically visible. Though, sometimes it might be possible but not forever or even frequently. In addition, it can also be learned that how to build machines carrying out human jobs by analyzing our own ways of carrying out tasks or other people (McCarthy, 2001; Berkeley, 1997; Copeland, 2000; Kannan, 2010). AI allows the computers to be trained from skill, be familiar with patterns in huge amounts of complicated data and take difficult decisions derived from human knowledge and problem solving abilities (Hamrita; ThinkQuest, 1997). AI in Medical Industry The artificial intelligence has always been on the scope from practical fields to the thoughts in literature and movies. In this regard, the artificial intelligence mainly develops the capability to collect and perform operations